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Being based on the An-158 the external resemblance with that aircraft is logical. The cockpit windows, wings, engines and tail are much alike. However, the An-178 has a tandem main landing gear, with wheels behind each other instead of side-by-side. Also the rear fuselage is ramped up to allow loading and unloading cargo at the rear.
As one of the largest single engine biplanes ever built, the Antnov An-2 and derivatives are quite easy to recognose. They come with piston and turboprop engines, which results in a different appearance. The Chinese version is the Nanchang Y-5.
While the sound of the contra rotating propellers is already very characteristic, this does not help you with the engines shut off. But otherwise the large size and H-tail are also good recognition points of the Antonov 22.
Once the biggest aircraft in the world, the Antonov An-225 is still impressive. It is an enlarged Antonov 124, with six engines and an H-tail. The main purpose was to carry the Russian space shuttle, the Buran.
This Soviet designed family of turboprop aircraft is similar in size and appearance as the Fokker F27: both have high wings and long main landing gear legs, retracting backward in the engine nacelles. While the An-24, An-26, An-30 and An-32 are quite different, they are all clearly derived from the same basic aircraft, the An-24. The Y7 is the Chinese version of the aircraft, further developed in the MA60.
Like the Shorts Skyvan the An-28/M28 has a box shaped fuselage, stut-braced high wings, a fixed single wheel landing gear and an H-tail. The fuselage cross section is less square though and the vertical stabilisers have five sides instead of four.
The An-70 was to be the successor of the An-12, but this has not (yet) materialised. It is a bit bigger than its predecessor with as clear recognition point the counter-rotating props. The forward prop has eight blades, the aft prop six.
The jet engines of the Antonov An-72 and An-74 are placed on top of and before the wings to create more lift. This makes the configuration unique and easy to recognise. Further note the tandem main landing gear and significant anhedral of the wings.
This is the twin engine version of the much more familiar Antonov An-12. So it has the same glazed nose, outer wings with anhedral and a trapezium shape vertical stabiliser. (photo Felix Goetting/WikiMedia)
South Africa and Israel created their own advanced fighter by significantly upgrading the Mirage III/V aircraft. As such the Atlas Cheetah and IAI Kfir look much like a Mirage, but with canards behind the air intakes.