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Externally the Citation Longitude is very similar to the Hawker 4000. You can best keep them apart by looking at the engine nacelles and winglets. The Hawker 4000 lacks winglets and moreover has large external fairings for the thrust reversers.
Being at one time the fastest civil aircraft on earth its sleek lines are recognisable. It looks like an enlarged Citation III with huge engines and long, slender wings.
This is the original Cessna Citation series, having straight wings, engines at the rear of the fuselage and horizontal tail plane attached to the lower part of vertical tail plane. The horizontal stabilizer has a V shape, with a noticable dihedral. The cabin windows have a characteristic Citation shape: a vertical ellipse, with the top and bottom cut off. Also note the relatively large cockpit windows.
Take the fuselage and the wings of the Citation I, put a T-tail at the back and different engines, and voilà, basically you have a CitationJet, the first and smallest member of the CitationJet/Citation CJ series. So if you know the Citation I, the CitationJet is not so difficult to recognise. Other members of the Citation CJ family mainly have a longer fuselage, but also other changes compared to the original CitationJet.
The Cessna Denali very much looks like the PC-12. The air intake and nose gear of both aircraft are a bit different, but it is easier to look at the tail area. The Denali has a smaller dorsal fin than the PC-12, no ventral fins and no bullet fairing in front of the horizontal stabiliser. (photo Textron Aviation Inc.)
Quite unusual for this twin jet trainer is that the student and instructor sit side-by-side. Most trainers have a tandem cockpit. Additionally, the T-37 has engines in the wing roots, at the side of the fuselage, with exhausts immediately after the wings. A cruciform tail completes the list of key features.
This looks like a scaled down Challenger 600 series, with engine nacelles with a single exhaust. A distinctive feature of the Challenger 300 and 350 is that the cockpit side windows become narrower towards the end.
The Challenger 600 series is characterised by the very streamlined, pointy nose and rounded cockpit windows. Most version have engine nacelles with separate exhausts for the fan and the core air flows.
This Chinese fighter has the same general appearance as the Eurofighter Typhoon but has a single engine, fed by a single rectangular air intake underneath the forward fuselage. At the rear are two large ventral fins. (photo Aktug Ates/WikiMedia)
China's fifth generation and stealth fighter is the J-20. It is quite a long aircraft and does not really have a "raptor-like" nose like the Lockheed F-22 and F-35. Moreover the J-20 has canard wings in front of the delta wings, no conventional horizontal stabilisers, and two vertical stabilisers including two small ventral fins below. The air intakes face inward like on the F-35 and the exhausts are round. (photo Wikimedia/Alert5)